沙田柚染色体组型及Giemsa带型分析

本文以沙田柚为材料,对其染色体组型及带型进行了观察分析。组型分析:染色体数目2n=18,根据染色体的相对长度分成大小染色体两种类型,前者包括1、2、3、4和5对,后者为6、7、8和9对,根据臂比,9对染色体能够被分成中部着丝点和近中着丝点染色体两种类型。即第5、7,9对为亚中部着丝点,其余为中部着丝点,第6对染色体上有随体;Giemsa带型:除第二对染色体只显中间带外,其余都显着丝点带,并在3、4、8对染色体短臂上和2、3、1对染色体长臂上均显端带,第2、3,6对同源染色体之间的C带显示杂合性。     

关于植物核型分析的标准化问题

近年,我国的植物染色体研究工作,进展较快,并取得了显著的成绩。但在研究工作中仍存在一个迫切需要解决的问题,即核型分析的标准化问题。由于国际上尚无植物核型分析的共同标准,因此,有关染色体的统计、测量、命名、图表格式等等,各人所采用的方法和标准也不尽相同。这种状况,对核型资料的比较分析以及对研究结果的评价,都带来不便。有鉴于此,1984年8月在辽宁兴城召开的第一届全国植物染色体学术讨论会上,李懋学和陈瑞阳联名作了“关于植物核型分析的标准化问题”的报告,经过     

Triadimefon reduces transpiration and increases yield in water stressed plants

The total free amino acid pools in radicles of watermelon seeds, investigated during imbibition of water at 25°C, were higher under the most (darkness) than under the least (continuous broad spectrum far-red light) favourable light regime for germination. When seeds were imbibed in an appropriate osmotic solution of PEG-6000 (fully suppressing germination), in darkness or under continuous red or far-red light, the biochemical analyses of the radicles after 1,2,3 and 4 days from the onset of imbibition show that while the total soluble sugar content remains rather constant in all treatments, significant changes are observed in the total free amino acid pools. After the first day, a considerable increase characterizes the "darkness" pool in contrast to a moderate one under red, while the "far-red" pool remains constant. Ultimately, at 4 days, the three pools are 190,142 and 123% of the 0 day radicle one. The qualitative free amino acid determination of the 4 day darkness and far-red pools shows a considerably increased percentage contribution of glutamic acid, arginine and citrulline in the "darkness" pool. The free amino acid increase in non-illuminated radicles may be correlated to germinability; moreover, it is evidently a phytochrome-mediated, pre-germinatory event, probably due to the hydrolysis of proteins (known to be rich in glutamic acid and arginine), stored in the radicle.     

Protease activities in non-embryogenic and embryogenic carrot cell strains during callus growth and embryo formation

Embryogenic and non-embryogenic cell strains of Daucus carota L. were examined for their protease activity using a wide range of chromogenic synthetic peptides as substrates. High arginine-specific activity was present in all strains, but no protease activity "specific" for embryogenic or non-embryogenic strains could be detected with the substrates tested. The specific protease activity was 5–10 times higher in the non-embryogenic as compared to the embryogenic strain for most tested substrates, and this difference was not due to release of proteases in the latter. All strains showed a decrease in protease activity when cultured in media without 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, but the embryos had high protease activity in comparison with the nondifferentiated cell aggregates. In the latter aggregates, hydrolyzing activity towards three of the substrates (H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg- p -nitroanilide, Suc-Ala-Pro-Phe- p -nitro-anilide and Bz-Phe-Val-Arg- p -nitroanilide) was absent, whereas the embryos were able to hydrolyze them.     

Nonrandomness of point mutation as reflected in nucleotide substitutions in pseudogenes and its evolutionary implications

Summary We have obtained a revised estimate of the pattern of point mutation by considering more pseudogene sequences. Compared with our previous estimate, it agrees better with expectations based on the double-strand structure of DNA. The revised pattern, like the previous one, indicates that mutation occurs nonrandomly among the four nucleotides. In particular, the proportion of transitional mutations (59%) is almost twice as high as the value (33%) expected under random mutation. The same high proportion of transitions is observed in synonymous substitutions in genes. The proportion of transitional changes observed among electrophoretic variants of human hemoglobin is about the same as that predicted by the revised pattern of mutation. We also show that nonrandom mutation increases, by about 15%, the proportion of synonymous mutations due to single-nucleotide changes in the codon table, and increases, from 10% to 50%, the rate of synonymous mutation in the seven genes studied. However, nonrandom mutation reduces (by about 10%) the proportion of polar changes among nonsynonymous mutations in a gene. As far as single-nucleotide changes (in the codon table) are concerned, nonrandom mutation only slightly favors relatively conservative amino acid interchanges, and has virtually no effect on the proportions of radical changes and nonsense mutations.     

碱性蛋白酶生产菌——地衣芽孢杆菌(B. licheniformis)的温和噬菌体

碱性蛋白酶生产菌——地衣芽孢杆菌经丝裂霉素C或紫外线处理,均可诱导释放噬菌体,电镜观察表明噬菌体头部外廓呈六边形,有不收缩的尾部(头部40nm×40nm,尾部107×5,7nm),噬菌体BLL1 DNA对限制酶Eco R Ⅰ,HindⅢ和Bam H Ⅰ敏感,分别切割成8,15,和9个片段,经电泳法测定。噬菌体DNA分子量约相当于23.4kb,根据解链温度计算出噬菌体的G+C含量约为31.2摩尔％,噬菌体提纯的外壳蛋白经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳呈现5条主带,其分子量分别约为78000,72000,55000,39000,35000。     

Biotic regionalization and climatic controls in western North America

New methods of weather analysis accompanied by microhabitat ‘bioassays’ have been applied in several case studies to demonstrate effects of atmospheric processes on patterns of community composition and structure and potential species evolution. Average spatial and seasonal airmass dynamics which determine regional and elevational patterns of relative microhabitat favorability, were found to vary between a recent global warming trend (ca 1900 to 1940) and the subsequent global cooling trend (ca 1940 to 1970). These apparently systematic spatial and temporal shifts in weather were related to plant establishment patterns and community composition and structure. The proposed causal mechanisms function, in part, through regional shifts in microhabitat size. These effects are similar to larger scale, longer term shifts deduced from the late Quaternary fossil record. By modifying the spatial approach, month-to-month and year-to-year variability of weather has been examined for the last 130 years at individual points in southwestern North America. Three climatic regimes (the end of the Little Ice Age, the recent warming trend and the recent cooling trend) exhibited distinct year-to-year patterns of weather that can be related to the establishment of different kinds of plants (e.g., C₄ grasses versus C₃ shrubs). Oscillations between different temporal climatic regimes appear to promote the episodic establishment of different life forms, but not necessarily their local extinction. The two methods of weather analysis have been combined in a regional assessment of climatic controls of different biomes in space and time with a primary focus on the Chihuahuan desert. Natural ecotones between the Chihuahuan desert and neighboring biomes are clearly related to large scale airmass dynamics associated with seasonal oscillations in jetstream position. The weather patterns controlling ecotonal positions result from seasonal topographic influences on the general circulation of the atmosphere. The apparent stability of these patterns allows causal hypotheses of biogeographic dynamics and the evolution of physiological traits and life history characteristics.     

Patterns of protein synthesis during the germination of pea axes,and the effects of an interrupting desiccation period

As germination of axes of Pisum sativum L. seeds progressed, profound quantitative and qualitative changes occurred in the patterns of protein synthesis. This was shown by fluorography of gels following two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation of [³⁵S]methioninelabelled proteins. The effects of desiccation during germination on these in-vivo protein-synthesis patterns were followed. Desiccation differentially affected the synthesis of proteins. Usually, however, upon rehydration following desiccation the types of proteins being synthesized were recognizable as those synthesized earlier during imbibition of control, once-imbibed axes: seeds imbibed for 8 h, and then dried, did not recommence synthesis of proteins typical of 8-h-imbibed control seeds, but rather of 4-h-imbibed control seeds. Seeds imbibed for 12 h, and then dried and rehydrated, synthesized proteins typical of 4-h-and 8-h-control seeds. Thus drying of germinating pea axes caused the proteinsynthesizing mechanism to revert to producing proteins typical of earlier stages of imbibition. Drying during germination never caused the seed to revert to the metabolic status of the initial mature dry state, however.Abbreviation DR dried and rehydrated     

The use of embryo culture for the recovery of plants from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) seeds

Cassava fertility and seed viability are frequently low, which can be a disadvantage in a breeding programme. An embryo culture method is described whereby embryonic axes are excised from mature seeds and placed on a culture medium containing 1.23 M indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 30°C under continuous light. The number of plants recovered by embryo culture was much greater than the number recovered from conventional seed germination procedures.